Title tectonic settings of magmatic sulfide deposits in china. The most important beds in magmatic deposits are those of iron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, platinum, copper, nickel, cobalt, apatite, diamonds, niobiumtantalum, zirconium, and hafnium. This issue focuses on the broad topics of magmatic and volcanogenic sulfide deposits, the behavior of sulfides during mantle melting and volcanism, and. These include lowsulfide, contacttype, and reeftype pge deposits, chromite deposits, and fetiv deposits. Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit wikipedia. Magmatic sulfide deposits are sulfide mineral concentrations in mafic and ultramafic rocks derived from immiscible sulfide liquids. Overall, magmatic sulfide deposits is strongly recommended to. Foster, louise r, frick, victorian institute of earth and planetanj sciences, department of earth sciences, monash university, clayton, victoria 3168, australia edx%rd m. Sulfiderich deposits channelized parts of dynamic maficultramafic magma systems that provide heat to incorporate s from country rocks and provide high magma. Magmatic sulphide deposits provides an updated summary of the state of understanding of the most important ni sulfide deposits. We divide the magmatic sulphide deposits in china into four types according to their tectonic setting, intruding mode, ore deposit mode, main metallogenic elements. The exploration, exploitation and use of these magmatic ores are important aspects of geology and. Magmatic nicupge deposits in magma plumbing systems. Oct 20, 20 magmatic sulphide deposits are of course important from an exploration and mining perspective because they host economic quantities of copper, nickel, and the platinum group elements pge.
Platinumgroup elements pge are mined predominantly from deposits that have formed by the segregation of molten ironnickelcopper sulfides from silicate magmas. For many years this association was not thought to be important as a source of magmatic sulfide deposits, but the 1994 discovery of voiseys bay deposit ripley and li, 2011 changed this prevailing viewpoint. While a wide range of base, precious, and semimetals are recovered from them, the most important products are ni and pt. Many intrusionhosted nicu magmatic sulfide deposits, such as voiseys bay labrador, canada and jinchuan china, show evidence for latestage mobilization of highdensity, lowviscosity sulfiderich melts, which range from sulfiderich silicate magma pulses to coherent pulses of pure sulfide liquid. Magmatic sulfide deposits models 1, 2b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, and 7a. Magmatic sulfide ore deposits are products of natural smelting.
Magmatic sulfide deposits typically occur in ultramaficmafic systems, however, mineralisation can occur in more intermediate and alkaline. Much less frequently magmatic deposits may occur in the form of flows that issue from volcanic vents for example, volcanic sulfur flows. These include low sulfide, contacttype, and reeftype pge deposits, chromite deposits, and fetiv deposits. Os isotopic geochronometer and tracer to four komatiite. Introduction sakatti is one of only a handful of significant nicu sulfide deposits discovered globally in the past decade, and is one of the most significant discoveries in finland for more than a generation. Abstract many important metal resources, such as ni cu, co, pge, exist in magmatic sulfide deposits, are a hot spot in geological research. Posted on october 20, 20 by economicgeo a colleague and i visited a university geology department in the vicinity of a project we were working to do a presentation on the geology of the project. Sulfidesilicate textures in magmatic nicupge sulfide ore deposits. Discrimination between magmatic and hydrothermal nicu. Holistic mineralsystem analysis for such deposits has some parallels with dominantly hydrothermal systems, but also some important differences. Gold deposits can still be seen today forming in some active geothermal areas. Sulfidesilicate textures in magmatic nicupge sulfide.
Most of the remainder of the ni production is derived from lateritic deposits, which form by weathering of ultramafic rocks in humid tropical conditions. Geographic distribution of the worlds most important magmatic sulfide ni cu and pge deposits. Distribution of the magmatic nicupge sulfide deposits in the norilsktalnakh district, siberia, russia after naldrett, 2004. Discrimination between magmatic and hydrothermal nicupge. The reos isotopic system is a powerful tracer of sulfide oreforming processes because both elements have high sulfide melt silicate melt partition coefficients 100 and are thus concentrated in the immiscible sulfide liquid. Barnes department of geology, university of toronto, toronto, ontario mss iai. The formation of a magmatic cu ni sulfide deposit in mafic intrusions at the kalatongke, nw china. Magmatic sulfiderich nickelcopper deposits related to. The formation of valuable minerals in magma that is cooling is. Neoproterozoic magmatic nicupge sulfide deposits related. The absolute concentrations of pge in sulfides from different deposits vary over a range of five orders of magnitude, whereas those of other chalcophile elements vary by factors of.
Only limited data is available which documents the types of precious metal occurrences that are present in these regions. Magmatic sulfide deposits containing nickel ni and copper cu, with or without. Models of environments and geometries linking mantle plumes to magma chambers and high level intrusions are illustrated in figs. Processes and ore deposits of ultramaficmafic magmas. Precious metal geochemistry and mineralogy of the ovoid zone. Magmatic sulfide deposits containing nickel ni and copper cu, with or without platinumgroup elements pge, account for approximately 60 percent of the worlds nickel production. Kong, zhigang wu, yue liang, ting zhang, feng meng, xuyang lu, lin and yang, g. The distribution coefficients between sulfides and silicates d sulsil range. Os isotopic system to the study of precambrian magmatic sulfide deposits of western australia. Lesher2 1department of earth sciences, university of hong kong, hong kong, china 2mineral exploration research centre, department of earth sciences, laurentian university, sudbury, ontario, canada p3e 6b5 email. Jan 10, 2017 other ores ni sulfide deposits, sedimenthosted uranium deposits, kupferschiefer copper deposits cannot yet be readily assigned to specific plate tectonic regimes or processes. Chapter 5 magmatic sulfide nicu deposits nickel mineralization is very strongly associated with mafic to.
The composition of magmatic ni cu pge sulfide deposits. The voiseys bay nicuco deposit, located in northern labrador, is considered to be a pge poor, magmatic sulfide deposit, but anomalous regions containing elevated concentrations of pt, pd, au and ag have been reported during routine assay. Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are forming today on the seafloor around undersea volcanoes along many mid ocean ridges, and within backarc basins and forearc rifts. Wetting facilitates latestage segregation of precious metalenriched sulfosalt melt in magmatic sulfide. Microanalysis of major and trace elements in sulfide and silicate melt inclusions by laserablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry indicates a direct link between a magmatic sulfide liquid and the composition of porphyrytype ore deposits. Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as vms ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copperzinc which are associated with and created by volcanicassociated hydrothermal events in submarine environments these deposits are also sometimes called volcanichosted massive sulfide vhms deposits.
Processes and ore deposits of ultramaficmafic magmas through space and time focuses on the fundamental processes that control the formation of ore deposits from ultramaficmafic magmas, covering chromite, platinumgroup element pge, nisulfides and tivbearing magnetite. It will be noticed that the authors ascribe the formation of these magmatic sulphide deposits to causes very different from those generally accepted. The roles of volatiles in mineralizations of magmatic ni. The distribution of nicupge sulfide deposits in china is shown in figure 1. Magmatic deposits article about magmatic deposits by the. The deposits fall naturally into two major groupings, those that are of value primarily because of their ni and cu, and which tend to be rich in sulfide with the ore usually containing 20 to 90 percent sulfide, and those of value primarily because of their pge. Tuzo wibon research laboratories, department of earth and planetary sciences, erindale campus, university of toronto, mississauga, ontario lsl 1c6 stephen j. This issue focuses on the broad topics of magmatic and volcanogenic sulfide deposits, the behavior of sulfides during mantle melting and volcanism, and the mineralogy of sulfides and sedimentary sulfides and their role in the early development of the biosphere. Distribution of the magmatic nicupge sulfide deposits in the norilsktalnakh district, siberia, russia after naldrett. Copper cu, gold au, and iron fe are first concentrated in a sulfide melt during magmatic evolution and then released to an oreforming.
Reos isotopic study of komatiitic volcanism and magmatic. Magmatic deposits hosted within large layered intrusions, such as stillwater and bushveld, are not known in china. Magmatic sulfide deposits models 1, 2b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, and. All the common oreforming elements are present in magmas and ordinary rocks, in amounts ranging from a few parts per billion to several thousands of parts per. Magmatic sulfide ore deposits elements geoscienceworld.
Author links open overlay panel zhen kang a b c kezhang qin a b c yajing mao a. The relationship of layered igneous intrusions and associated magmatic ore deposits to mantle plumes is discussed in the preceding chapters. Gold deposits encyclopedia of life support systems. In addition, secondary processes can produce associated asbestos, soapstone, and native copper deposits. Sulfide rich deposits channelized parts of dynamic maficultramafic magma systems that provide heat to incorporate s from country rocks and provide high magma. Sb, te and bi between monosulfide solid solution and sulfide meltapplication to magmatic sulfide deposits. Pdf magmatic nicupge deposits in magma plumbing systems. Sulfide ore deposits occupy a spectrum from accumulated pools of matte within small igneous intrusions or lava flows, mined primarily. Magmatic cunipgeau sulfide mineralisation in alkaline.
Klein summary of relevant geologic, geoenvironmental, and geophysical information deposit geology magmatic sulfide deposits are sulfide mineral concentrations in mafic and ultramafic rocks derived from immiscible. However, some of the mineralization in some deposits e. The roles of volatiles in mineralizations of magmatic nicu. Pge deposits are believed to have formed by segregation of immiscible sulfide melts andor alloys from maficultramafic magmas in dynamic magmatic systems such as lava channels, feeder dikes, and magma chambers. Magmatic nicupge sulfide deposits can occur with a number of other magmatic ore deposits. Porphyry ore typically forms in magmatic arcs above subduction zones. Magmatic sulfide deposits geology, geochemistry and. Wetting facilitates latestage segregation of precious metalenriched sulfosalt melt in magmatic sulfide systems. Sulfidesilicate textures in magmatic nicupge sulfide ore. Tectonic settings of magmatic sulfide deposits in china m. On the basis of their principal metal production, magmatic sulfide deposits in mafic rocks can be divided into two major types. Title tectonic settings of magmatic sulfide deposits in. Triggers for the formation of porphyry ore deposits in. Precious metal geochemistry and mineralogy of the ovoid.
Fundamentals of magmatic sulfide deposits magmatic nicu. Further, lips are commonly related to a wide variety of metal deposits 17 including worldclass deposits such as magmatic sulfide ore deposits associated with mafic and ultramafic magmatism ni. Jun 01, 2006 abstract many important metal resources, such as ni cu, co, pge, exist in magmatic sulfide deposits, are a hot spot in geological research. Other ores nisulfide deposits, sedimenthosted uranium deposits, kupferschiefer copper deposits cannot yet be readily assigned to specific plate tectonic regimes or processes. The sakatti cunipge sulfide deposit in northern finland. Class nc4 covers those deposits that are related to anorthositegranitetroctolite complexes such as the nain plutonic complex of labrador, canada ripley and li, 2011. Magmatic sulfide deposits geology, geochemistry and exploration naldrett, anthony j. Sulfide ore deposits occupy a spectrum from accumulated pools of matte within small igneous intrusions or lava flows, mined primarily for ni and cu, to stratiform layers of weakly disseminated. Magmatic deposits deposits of minerals formed deep in the earths crust during the solidification and crystallization of basic or alkaline magma containing high concentrations of valuable minerals. Economic geology 100th anniversary volume 2005, pp. The mineral system approach applied to magmatic nicupge.
Lightfoot5, nadya krivolutskaya6, bo wei7 6 1csiro mineral resources, perth, australia. This book is an enormously expanded and updated version of his original textbook on the subject. This metallogenic belt contains the jianchaling magmatic nico sulfide deposit in lueyang county wang et al. There are many factors which govern their size and grade, and the development of different exploration tools based on the interplay between these factors. A close relationship between nicupge sulfide deposits and magmatic conduit systems has been widely accepted, but our present understanding still rests on empirical inductions that sulfide liquids are entrained during magma ascent and aggregated at hydrodynamic traps such as the opening of a conduit into a larger magma body.
Fundamentals of magmatic sulfide deposits magmatic nicu and. Mineral exploration companies are exploring for seafloor massive sulfide deposits. Multiple constraints from chospbsr isotopic compositions. The absolute concentrations of pge in sulfides from different deposits vary over a range of five orders of magnitude, whereas those of other chalcophile elements vary by factors of only 2 to 100. Magmatic sulfide deposits geology, geochemistry and exploration. The formation of a magmatic cuni sulfide deposit in mafic. Sulfide ore deposits occupy a spectrum from accumulated pools of matte within small igneous intrusions or lava flows, mined primarily for ni and cu, to stratiform layers of weakly disseminated sulfides within large maficultramafic intrusions, mined for platinumgroup elements. Jan 10, 2017 economic geology magmatic ore deposits 2 1. Thus, many models for the petrogenesis of giant magmatic sulfide deposits associ ated with maficultramafic rocks propose that sulfide satura. The role of arsenide melts as collectors of platinumgroup. These deposits vary in shape and occur in igneous rocks that are related to them in origin. Sources of oreforming material for pbzn deposits in the sichuanyunnanguizhou triangle area. It is concluded that the high degree of partial melting i. Instead, most of the sulfide deposits are hosted by small maficultramafic bodies formed in a variety of tectonic environments.
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